The mechanisms of how plants sense nutrient availability in soils and then send the signals through downstream signal cascades are essential processes for plant survival. Although understanding the regulatory mechanisms of macronutrient sensing and signaling are very important, many components still remain unknown. This review describes the recent progress in identifying the transcriptional regulatory components that respond to phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur limitation. Under phosphorus limited conditions, a MYB transcription factor, PHR1, functions as a key transcriptional regulator of the phosphorus deficient responsive genes via binding to the P1BS cis element. Similarly, SLIM1 plays crucial roles in the expression of the sulfur starved responsive genes through binding to the sulfur responsive cis element. The nitrogen deficient responsive MYB transcription factors control nitrogen metabolism. Cytokinins and microRNAs (miRNAs) also mediate macronutrient metabolic processes. Much less is known about the potassium deficient signaling components, as compared to the other nutrient signaling pathways. Multiple recent studies have suggested that phytohormones, such as ethylene, auxin, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid (ABA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play roles as transcriptional regulatory components in potassium deficient signaling.