Chapter 1. 1ntroduction  21 
Section 1. Necessity and Purpose of‘ the Study  21 
Section 2. Scope and Contents of the Study  23 
Section 3. Strategy and Method of、the Study  25 
Chapter 11. Relations between the European 1ntegration and the European Technological Community ( ETC )  27 
Section 1. 1nternational Trend of Technology  27 
Section 2. Technology Trend in Europe   31 
Section 3. Relations between a Single European Market and European Science and Technology Policy  40 
1. Functions of European Science and Technology Policy  40 
11. Relations between a Single European Market and Join t R&D Policy   44 
1. Technologies in need of a market .  44 
2. A Common Technology Base for a Single European Market  44 
Chapter 111. ETC ’ s Formation Process for European 1ntegration . 47 
Section 1. EC ’ s Joint R&D programs   47 
1. History of EC ’s Joint R&D Program . 47 
Section 2. EC ’s Science and Technology Policymaking Process and Organizations  55 
1. Model of EC ’s Science and Technology Pol icy Process   55 
II. EC ’ s Policy-making Process  57 
1. 1nstitutional Structure .  57 
1) Council of Ministers  63 
2) Commission of the EC  65 
3) European Parliament  67 
4) 1nterest groups within 1nstitution31 System  71 
Section 3. EC ’ s Joint R&D Programs  73 
1. Formulation Process of the ESPR1T  73 
11. Contents of the ESPR1T  76 
111. Decision making process on Selection and management of ESPR1T Projects   86 
1V. Symbolic 1mportance of the ESPR1T   93 
Chapter 1V. Trans-European Community ’ s Joint R&D Programs   95 
Section 1. 1mport of EUREKA Program 95 
Section 2. Contents of EUREKA Program  102 
1. Outline 102 
11. HDTV 103 
111. JESS1   104 
Section 3. Relations between EUREKA Program and EC Collaboration Program 105 
Chapter V. Joint R&D Programs among European MNCs  107 
Section 1. "Strategic Alliance" Programs  107 
Chapter V1. Conclusion: Future Trends for EC ’ s Joint R&D Programs  119 
Notes   123 
References  133 
Appendices   139 
1. Bibliographies  141 
11. JETRO Technology Bulletin, Oct. , 1989  169 
111. Study on Possibilities of Access to European Market  209 
1V. Standardization in 1nformation Technology and Telecommunica tions 277