This paper addresses the research history of state-protection
Buddhism and examines the activities of monks’ militia in terms of the
tension between Confucian loyalty and Buddhist precepts. The paper
also investigates the transmission of monks’ militia tradition in Joseon
and its governmental institutionalization. Monks’ militia in Joseon can
serve as a case that shows how close Buddhism and the state can
become. Although the Japanese Imjin Invasions of 1592-1598 threatened
the very existence of the Joseon state, monks’ participation in warfare
definitely violated one of the cardinal precepts of Buddhism, i.e.,
not-killing. It also inevitably led to the secularization of the Buddhist
community of the time: many monks abandoned traditional Buddhist
practices and many of those who had served as monk soldiers returned
to the secular life after the wars. On the flip side, the loyalty that
monks’ militia strenuously demonstrated through their war activities was
clearly appreciated by the Confucian society of Joseon and brought the
change in the Confucian view of Buddhism.
As the state realized the value of monks’ militia in national defense,
it perpetuated the imposition of military and other state services on the Buddhist community, as shown in the case of Namhan Mountain
Fortress (Namhansan seong 南漢山城), which enabled the transmission
of the monks’ militia tradition throughout the rest of Joseon. The state
used the labor power of monks within the system of the state tax,
recognizing the social status and activities of monks and thereby
providing a minimal basis for the existence of Buddhism. However, this
action deflected the unique supra-mundane orientation of Buddhism.
State-protection and dharma-protection had been carried out in Korean
history in the form of the equality of the two as if they had been the
two wheels of a cart. However, monks’ militia and state services
(seungyeok) in Joseon were anomalous cases in which state-protection
was overly emphasized. In the end, Joseon expression of stateprotection
Buddhism left negative effects, causing excessive financial
burden for the Joseon Buddhist community and its subjugation to the
state.