The single most important cause of the low fertility rate of Korean society is excessive
child-rearing costs, which is closely related to education fever. Parents’ desire for high-achieving
children tends to lead couples to have fewer children in order to offset the higher child-rearing
costs. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between education fever and low fertility rate
by interviewing newlyweds and couples with children. Our results showed that the drivers of
low fertility were economic factors and factors related to childcare and educational environment.
With educational attitudes and labor market conditions serving as macro constraints, married
couples complained of the “harsh reality of raising even one child,” and some admitted of
being intentionally childless. It was also revealed that parents who plan for their children’s
success through private tutoring have given up having additional children, and complained about
the child-rearing stress of the “on-duty 24-hours mom.” Also, parents with only one child
tended to choose an “all-in” investment approach that focuses all of their parenting resources on
the only child to provide him with “differentiated” programs from “the best and the finest”
educational institutions. On the other hand, couples with two children showed a tendency to
utilize a strategy of restructuring and redistributing their limited parenting resources in order to
maximize their potential. Parenting behaviors fueled by the anxiety that their child could
possibly fall behind can be understood as a ‘bondage’ which worsens the low birth rate
phenomenon. This in return causes a sense of incongruity between the social strata. Based on
the results of our study, we briefly discussed policy implications.