This study aimed to examine the language comprehension and self-regulation abilities of children in relation to changes in parenting styles due to social phenomena, such as the increase of double-income households and working mothers. Toward this end, a survey and a test was given to children, parents and teachers currently living in the capital of Seoul. Data from 265 children were analyzed for study as well as the data from parents and teachers. The parenting types of participating children were classified into parental parenting and surrogate parenting; 181 subjects received parental parenting and 84 were raised by surrogates. This study examined the relationship between the stimulation found in children’s home environment, language comprehension and self-regulation by types of parenting. The findings showed little difference in home environment stimulation. However, children who received surrogate parenting had significantly lower levels in their language comprehension and self-regulation abilities. The type of parenting affected language comprehension ability under the development facilitating environment. In addition, type of parenting affected children’s self-regulation ability in the condition of a development facilitating environment, responsive interaction, and regular parental stimuli. In case of surrogate parenting, language comprehension ability was affected by the development facilitating environment and responsive interactions in the family environment, whereas high levels of self-regulation ability was affected by repetitive family environment stimulus within a regular parental upbringing. This study discusses the language comprehension and self-regulation of children by parenting types and home environment stimulus in accordance with the results.