This study is for reviewing social reforms of Lillian Wald, a progressive, who regarded visiting nurses as a practical solution to eliminate the menace of illness among the poor, particularly immigrants through education of sanitation and public health. For Wald, the relationship between illness and poverty were already way beyond individual control or something to escape. It was the problem that whole communities should work together. Then Wald coined the therm “public” with nursing, creating the “public health nursing” conception. Wald believed that nursing is not just for illness but both for a treatment of social and economic problems and for cushioning of cultural conflicts. Thus, visiting nurses and her agency never worked alone, they were linked with all agencies and groups for social betterment. While the doctor diagnosed disease, in other words, the nurse diagnosed the whole situation. For many poor immigrants, in return, visiting nursing became a initial step but a powerful solution to release a widespread fear of the disease.
Visiting nursing started from home, yet soon extended to public schools and work places wherever they could afford to care. Lillian Wald in 1902, in fact, pressured the NYC Board of Education and NYC Board of Health to provide school nurses. And Wald, for the first time, assigned her most qualified colleague, Lina Rogers who was appointed the first school nurse in America. Since then, NYC Board of Health soon organized a public school nursing program, the first such service offered anywhere in the world. The school nurse played a crucial role not only in disease detection but also in health education including the parents of pupils. In addition, as a result of Lillian Wald’s ground-breaking work with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in 1909, insurance payment for home nursing care dramatically changed the financial circumstances of immigrants and workers. Wald believed that a program for protection from the ordinary risks of industrial life could reduce poverty and dependence by linking industrial insurance, social welfare, and good health. As a result, Lillian Wald’s public health nursing concept and her reform accomplishments was a realistic and decisive cultural buffer for many immigrants.