미국의 우생학(eugenics)과 사회개혁, 1880년대～1920년대

김호연

서지반출

국문초록

이 글의 목적은 20세기 전환기 미국에서의 우생학(eugenics)과 사회개 혁(social reform) 사이의 상호 연관을 살펴보는 것이다. 이는 우생학 연구 시각을 확장하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 기존의 미국 우생학에 대한 연구는 주로 유전(본성) vs. 환경(양육), 보수 vs. 개혁, 그리고 사이비과학 vs. 과 학 등의 인식틀 안에서 이루어져왔고, 이는 미국의 우생학을 유전론에 입 각한 보수주의자들의 사이비 과학적 이데올로기로 각인시키는 결과를 가져 오기도 했다. 그러나 미국의 우생학은 환경개선이나 공중보건(public health) 그리고 경제개혁(economic reform)과도 친연성이 있었고, 우생학은 이념 을 초월하여 수용된 측면이 많았다. 이는 무엇보다 당시 미국이 새로운 국가 만들기의 과정에 있었기 때문이었다. 이른바 혁신주의 국가와 우생학 은 집단주의, 효율, 과학, 전문가 그리고 통제에 기초한 사회의 질서유지를 핵심적 요소로서 공유했고, 이는 국가가 과학을 수단으로 인구 집단 전체 를 통제하는 생명정치(bio-politics)를 실현할 수 있는 기초가 되었다. 요컨대 20세기 전환기 미국에서 우생학은 양육조건의 개선을 통한 인종의 질적 개선과 사회진보 그리고 국가번영을 꾀하려는 환경우생학 (euthenics)과 조우했고, 과학적 의학에 기초하여 집단 전체의 질병을 통제 하려는 공중보건과도 상보적이었으며, 자유방임을 거부하고 정부 개입을 통한 경제 개혁을 추구하려는 세력들에게도 수용되었다. 이는 무엇보다 국가 라는 구심력이 우생학의 집단주의적 논리와 상응할 수 있었기 때문이었다.

영문초록

The purpose of this article is to investigate the correlation between eugenics and social reform in the US in late 19th and early 20th centuries. Preceding studies on eugenics in the US were conducted within the cognitive framework of nature vs. nurture, conservatism vs. progressivism, and pseudo-science vs. science. This has led to the result of US eugenics being perceived as a pseudo-scientific ideology of conservatism based on genetic theory. However, eugenics in the US are closely related with environmental improvements, public health, and economic reform and there were many aspects what eugenics were adopted across ideological boundaries. This is mostly because the US at the time was in the process of create a totally as a new nation. So-called reformists and eugenicists shared as their core ideas the maintenance of social order through collectivism, efficiency, science, expertise, and social control. These elements became the basis of bio-politics which were used in the US as scientific tools to control an entire population. This paper investigates the correlation that eugenics has with euthenics, public health, and economic reform. Through these investigations, this paper will review the preceding viewpoints of studies on eugenics and thus seek to identify the correlation between eugenics and statism.

키워드

우생학 국가주의 환경우생학 공중보건 경제개혁 Eugenics Statism Euthenics Public Health Economic Reform

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