The generation of O2-⋅ and its toxic effects were studied with rat brain mitochondria. The production of O2-⋅ from mitochondria in the presence of succinate and antimycin was demonstrated by SOD-inhibitable reduction of NBT. Although succinate can support the O2-⋅ formation, the highest rate needs antimycin indicating that blockade of electron flow in the respiratory chain augments the univalent reduction of molecular oxygen. Under this condition, H2O2 was also observed to be produced. But its formation appears to be derived from the dismutation of the primary product, O2-⋅ since the rate of H2O2 production was markedly decreased by NBT and ferricytochrome c. The O2-⋅ and H2O2 produced were able to cause toxic actions to mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial components as shown by lipid peroxidation of mitochondrial membrane, and inactivation and lysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase and erythrocytes added to the medium, respectively. In all the toxic actions observed, Fe++ was required. It appears that in the toxic actions OH⋅ generated from the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction acts as a mediator. This was supported by the finding that mitochondria in the presence of succinate and antimycin produced ethylene from methional, and Fe++ added increased the ethylene production. The observed toxic actions of mitochondrial O2-⋅ may provide evidence supporting a potential role of mitochondria as a source of oxygen radicals to cause tissue damage.