The role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the increase of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity by agonist and GTP was investigated in rabbit mesenteric α-toxin permeabilized artery. 0.3μM Ca2+ increased myosin light chain phosphorylations monotonically. 10μM norepinephrine and 10μM GTP potentiated increase of myosin light chain phosphorylations by 0.3μM Ca2+, which reaches a peak at 5 min and gradually declines to the Ca2+ alone level at 20 min. At the early phase (1 min), 10μM KN 62, the inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II , decreased myosin light chain phosphorylation levels by 10μM norepinephrine and 10μM GTP in the presence of 0.3μM Ca2+. However 10μM KN-62 did not affect the myosin light chain phosphorylations by 10μM norepinephrine and 10μM GTP in the presence of 0.3μM Ca2+ at the peak (5 min) and plateau phases (20 min). From these results, the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II may be different depending on time, which may play a role in increase of myofilamint Ca2+ sensitivity by norepinephrine and GTP resulting from increase of myosin light chain phosphorylations at the early phase. However, at plateau phase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II may not be involved in the increase of myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity by norepinephrine and GTP in rabbit mesenteric α-toxin permeabilized artery.