The purpose of this study was to investigate how children s temperament, and mother s child-rearing behavior are related to young children s autonomous behavior. The subjects of this study are 268 5-year-old young children and their mothers from 26 classes of the public kindergarten located in a city S and J in GyungSangNamDo. The result of this study is like this. First, we examined the correlation between the temperaments and the autonomous behaviors of young children. As the result, the activity, among dimensions that constitute the temperament of young children, had the weak negative correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. As the result of examining the correlation between the temperaments and the autonomous behaviors of young children according to the sex, in case of the male children, among dimensions that constitute the temperament of young children, the activity had the weak negative correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. In case of the female children, dimensions that constitute the temperament of young children had no meaningful correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. Secondly, we examined the correlation between the autonomous behaviors of young children and the mothers child-rearing behaviors. Reasoning guidance, among the subcategories of child-rearing behaviors, had weak positive correlation with the autonomous behaviors of young children. As the result of examining the correlation between the mothers child-rearing behaviors and the subcategories of autonomous behaviors of young children according to the sex, in case of the male children, reasoning guidance had weak positive correlation with clean-up and transition. Limit setting, among the subcategories of the mothers child-rearing behaviors, had weak positive correlation with free-choice activities, clean-up and transition, group activities, and evaluation and departure.