Archaeology uses various analytical concepts and hierarchical units to find or impose patterns of the material record. While artifacts from the same site or stratigraphic unit comprise an assemblage, an archaeological complex indicates patterns of the material record in a specific time and space. Many Korean archaeologists rely on one or a few certain stereotypic attributes and artifacts to identify analytical units, such as assemblage, complex and archaeological culture.
However, the material remains that are the subject matter of archaeological studies are best viewed as a polythetic, rather than monothetic, set. Placing too much emphasis on certain selected types and attributes, therefore, may distort dynamic variation of material remains through space and time. The concept of complex (and assemblage and/or culture) has been widely used among Korean Bronze Age archaeologists in order to establish time/space charts. Many concepts have been undergone the trial and error process, while their definition or implications have been expanded as new finds were accumulated through time. Researchers also presented new complexes based on newly excavated varieties that are not compatible with the essential characteristics of the established complexes, which in turn exacerbates the misunderstanding of the polythetic set of the archaeological record. Furthermore, many complexes have been unduly regarded as chronological phases or periods without appropriate consideration of the difference of the analytical units and chronological blocks.
Material remains represent dynamic variations of past human behavior of artifact manufacture, use and discard, and for this reason, they contain a certain degree of variation.