This study aimed to develop an Extended School Day (ESD) program based on the connectivity between the goals corresponding to the planet component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to cultivate citizens who practice sustainable life for sixth graders of elementary school. To achieve the purpose of this study, the science, society, morality, and practical arts achievement standards of the 2015 revised curriculum in the sixth grade of elementary school were analyzed to confirm how the ESD program based on planet components was reflected in the curriculum, and implications were derived. Based on this, the theme and learning goals of the program were selected, and an ESD program of eight themes based on the planet components of the SDGs was developed and suggested utilization plan. The conclusions obtained from this study are as follows. First, science, society, morality, and practical subjects and planet components in the sixth grade of elementary school were significantly related to the ESD content factors, such as natural resources, energy, climate change, biodiversity, environmental problems, sustainable food production, disaster prevention and reduction, and sustainable production and consumption. Second, eight program topics were selected based on the results of analysis on the relevance of the ESD content elements of the planet components of the SDGs and the 2015 revised curriculum achievement standards. Third, the program was developed by applying the three-stage class activity, and a plan for using the program was suggested through the step-by-step activity sheet that can be applied to the actual educational field.