Societal shifts, including an aging society and changing population structure, have led to an increase in nursing hospitals, which in turn has resulted in the rapid increase of medical waste, an emerging social problem. In addition, the increasing frequency of large-scale infectious diseases, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, along with extreme climate change is exacerbating social and environmental uncertainty and impacting economic growth. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted on microwave-based medical waste sterilization methods by examining temperature maintenance and energy consumption inside the sterilization reactor for the purpose of using high-temperature steam and solid heating elements in conjunction with existing regulations. Silicon carbide (SiC), water with activated carbon, and water with biochar. The results showed that energy consumption decreased in the order of water with SiC, water alone, water with biochar, and water with activated carbon. achieved a rapid temperature rise compared to other sterilization methods; however, the results varied for plastics. Furthermore, this study suggests the potential utilization of waste-derived biochar as a viable alternative to activated carbon and SiC.