Objectives: This study aims to systematically analyze domestic literature on cognitive function in older adults published between 2010 and 2024 using the Biopsychosocial Model and to suggest future research directions for preventing cognitive decline among older adults. Methods: The study conducted a systematic literature search using the Korea Education and Research Information Service (RISS) database, targeting papers published in KCI-indexed academic journals. Using the keywords 'cognitive function in older adults' or 'cognitive function in later life', a total of 834 papers were identified. After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 99 studies were finally selected that met the research objectives. The selected papers were analyzed based on publication year, subjects, methods, and themes. Results: The results indicate that research on cognitive function in older adults has shown an increasing trend since 2016, with over 10 studies published annually in the last three years since 2022. Regarding research subjects, studies predominantly focused on the general population of older adults, with relatively fewer studies considering specific subgroups such as older women and those living alone. In terms of research methods, 68.7% of studies utilized large-scale pre-existing datasets, with the Aging Research Panel Survey being the most frequently used (36.4%). The thematic analysis revealed that studies on biological factors accounted for the largest proportion (30.3%), followed by studies analyzing multiple factors (28.3%), psychological factors (26.3%), and social factors (15.1%). Conclusions: This study highlights the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach that applies the Biopsychosocial Model in cognitive function research in older adults. It emphasizes the importance of integrated research reflecting the interactions of biological, psychological, and social factors. Such research is expected to provide scientific evidence for dementia prevention and support the development of family caregiving support systems in South Korea, which is entering a super-aged society.