This study aimed to identify key factors influencing smartphone addiction among elementary school students through a meta-analysis, and to provide foundational data for the development of evidence-based prevention and intervention programs. A total of 281 studies on elementary school students' smartphone addiction published in KCI-indexed journals by 2025 were initially collected via the Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), and 61 studies were ultimately selected based on inclusion criteria. Effect sizes (correlation coefficients) extracted from the selected studies were converted using Fisher's z transformation, and a random-effects model was applied due to significant heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's Regression test and the Fail-Safe N. The results revealed that among risk factors, impulsivity showed the largest effect size (r=.494), followed by stress (r=.431), smartphone usage time (r=.407), aggression (r=.400), depression (r=.387), anxiety (r=.366), and negative parenting attitudes (r=.287). Among protective factors, self-control demonstrated the largest effect size (r=-.487), followed by grit (r=-.453), resilience (r=-.392), self-esteem (r=-.350), peer relationships (r=-.312), school adjustment (r=-.275), positive parenting attitudes (r=-.275), parent-child communication (r=-.257), and teacher relationships (r=-.249). Based on these findings, the study discusses implications for developing smartphone addiction prevention and counseling programs tailored to the developmental stages of elementary school students, along with suggestions for future research.