While the importance of Kant’s moral argument to his overall
philosophical system is now widely recognized, many commentators
remain unconvinced that he also intended to make specifically
religious affirmations. Even scholars who explicitly adopt the
affirmative approach to interpreting Kant’s theology and religion
have not yet recognized that in Part Three of Religion Kant provides
a new and strikingly different argument for God’s existence.
This religious argument for God’s existence is genuinely new and
different from Kant’s moral argument inasmuch as it encourages us
to believe in God not for our own sake (i.e., to justify the rationality
of our own commitment to be moral), nor out of any sense of
individual duty (i.e., any necessity practical reason may impose on
us as individuals); rather, we now believe in God for the sake of
our species, because as rational beings we realize the destiny of
our species, insofar as we are to fulfill what is implied by our
rational nature, requires something that we must humbly
acknowledge we as individuals may be profoundly unable to
accomplish. We believe in God as the being through whom all the
diverse duties we give ourselves as individuals (duties that, in light
of each person’s autonomy, seem bound to stand in conflict) can
be united in a single, self-consistent tapestry, called the common
(or “highest”) good.
The argument takes us significantly further in our philosophical
quest for a justification of religious belief than does Kant’s moral
argument on its own, for its conclusion offers religious believers
access to a power that would otherwise be either inaccessible (for
atheistic or agnostic attempts to be moral) or ineffective (for
religious approaches that recognize the source but misuse the
power in question).