Toegye and Motoori Norinaga, are considered as practical
philosophers, almost contemporaneous in their life, they both
anguished to find the solution in the gap between ideals and reality.
In particular, they were fully aware of the importance of 'Li(理)'
and 'Qing(情)' from Sung Confucianism, which was Universal
knowledge-ideology-political system at the time, so it can be
assumed that they shared the same ideological background. Albeit,
they developed their central though in different directions of two
axis, so called 'Li(理)' and 'Qing(情)', in the end they had the same
objective, that is to achieve absolute stability of the society. Based
on these similarities, it is appropriate to make a comparative study
of the two philosopher’s ideas.
The world according to Toegye's thinking is a world that
considers 'Gong(共)' and 'Si(私)'as opposites. Individuals are always
worried struggling between the 'Si' and the 'Gong', but eventually
they have to sacrifice their own 'Si' and move towards the 'Gong'.
Toegye concludes that all the basic elements of this world, placed
on individuals as a world, are composed by 'the four cardinal
virtues(四端) and the seven emotions(七情)'. Thus, in order to solve
the conflict between 'Gong(共)-Si(私)', the individuals can face
specific conflicts such as: 'junzi(君子)-xiaoren(小人)', 'tianli(天
理)-renyu(人慾)' and others alike. Also it is necessary to suppress
the personal emotions and desires and rule over them well, so that
the personal world can be fostered in good and honest way. When
those processes are realized, people are able to overcome all their
'Si(私)' and eventually be united in 'tianli(天理)', becoming the ideal
human called 'shengren(聖人)'.
On the other hand, the world according to Norinaga's thinking
is a world without any awareness of boundaries between 'Gong
(共)-Si(私)'. Because faith is a premise in every individual mind
therefore they are already a good and honest community. This
community has two implications; first, since they are under the
protection of their own gods, all of their acts in the community can
be ensured of legitimacy from the God. Consequently, individuals
made their God responsible for their moral distresses between
good and evil, while they just have to complete their daily tasks.
In this case, the existence of other countries outside of the good
and honest community represents the absolute evil to their society;
this influences the existence of their community increasing the
cohesion between the inhabitants and boosting their values,
especially related with goodness and honesty.
The second implication is the utilization of every person’s 'Qing
(情)' as a way to unify the community. 'Qing(情)' is the unavoidable
presence of emotions that every human being possesses. The
world amplified by personal emotion, is called 'World of Gong(共)',
in this world, the presence of 'Li(理)' lose its importance in both,
the inside and the outside of the human being, and merely retains
the significance as an ironical concept proving the superiority of
the 'Qing(情)'. Thus, Norinaga eliminates all the 'Li' in his theory,
and then intends to be a kind of people whose express personal
feelings without any hesitation as the conceptual ideal human
being.
The opposite conceptual ideal human being from Toegye and
Norinaga still provide a lot of implications for the modern society.
In mankind history there were always a conflict between 'Gong
(共)-Si(私)', ‘morality-personal desire’ and ‘discipline-emotions’.
The two concepts of the ideal human being fulfilled with Li(理) and
Qing(情), provide deeper train of thought to us, who are struggling
every minute with the conflict of personal desire.