In 1234, ?g?dei qa`an dispatched the second expedition to the west which was led by the supreme commander Batu and which conquered the Kipchak steppe, Eastern Europe, Russia, and etc. As a result of this expedition, Western Europeans were struck with `horror of Tartar (Mongγol) from hell` and the Papal court had to look for ways to prepare for further Mongolian attacks.
On April 6, 1245, John of Plano de Carpini departed Lyons and traveled to the Mongol Empire on a mission to take two Papal letters to the Mongol qa`an. After all the difficulties he faced during the trip, he could made it to Qara qorum on July 22, 1246 and attend the new Great qan G?y?g`s enthronement ceremony. Then he left Qara qorum on November 13, 1246 and arrived back at Lyons in the autumn of 1247. During the return trip, in Rus`, he compiled a report titled “Historia Mongalorum” in which the information he collected in Mongol Empire is recorded. He presented the report to the Pope.
In the report, Carpini briefly described Mongolian nature, climate, religion, and custom. He also described the history of ?inggis qan`s unification of Mongolian tribes, Mongolian military system, tactics, strict discipline, dignity of the Great qan, and how they governed countries under Mongol rule.
Carpini observed and recorded domestic issues of the Mongol empire. He met high officials like Cinqai, Qadaq, and Bala who held administrative responsibility of the empire. He met the Great qan Guyug in person and recorded that the qan was a Christian quoting some person`s testimony. It is true that the qan was in amity with Christianity, but he did not actually treat Christianity with any special favors.
There were a lot of foreigners in Qara qorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire which was embarking on great ventures abroad in Eurasia at the time. Carpini met people from Russia or Eastern Europe and learnt a lot of information about the Empire from them. It is noteworthy that Carpini mentioned envoys from Solangi, which means Koryo, six times in his record. In a current Mongolian language Solangi(Solonγos) still means Korea.
When one considers the fact that Carpini did not have enough advance information of the Mongol Empire and he was the first person at the time to have visited the Empire, the various information he collected while he was staying in the Empire only for four months is quite impressive. Even though the record reveals Carpini`s lack of understanding on Mongolian history and language, it still has considerably objective validity.
But, however, there are some exaggerated facts of Mongolian brutality and savageness in the record. Carpini was on a spy mission and he had to overstate the threat of the Mongol Empire against the west. He also had to stress the need that the Papal court should play a key role in opposition to Mongols.