Using Hannah Arendt’s ⌈The Human Condition⌋ as a focal point, this paper
discusses the desired nature of the human character in modern times from the
approach, not of apolitical-philosophical method, but of a philosophical-anthropological
method.
In ⌈The Human Condition⌋, Hannah Arendt claims that human beings have
their presence in the world under the existential conditions of labor, work, and
action. They seek meaningful existence through basically liberated actions that
they perform despite the restrictions of labor and work. For her, such
meaningful actions imply “political action.” Through political activity, human
beings typically live their common existence together in “public territory,” thus
reaching a higher level of human existence than that which can be achieved in
“private territory.” For Arendt, the word ‘political’ differs from the established
concept of politics. It is rather a concept laden with anthropological meaning
and signifies that the intrinsic nature of human beings moves them to go out
of themselves into light through mutual interaction with others in the formation
of relationships. Human plurality explains this concept well. In contrast with
brute animals, the plurality of human beings signifies that each human person is
special and that humans are as a whole equal, but morally distinct entities. The
reason why the existence of human beings is political is shown in this way.
Nonetheless, totalitarian society forms a world in which humans are made
into impersonal beings rather than beings that maintain their inherent human
characteristics. If political activity is lacking, a totalitarian society can lead to
the creation of absolute evil in the form of the loss of humanity. Therefore,
human beings must be political beings in order to maintain their inherent
human nature. Arendt argues that acts of thinking, judging, and willing that are
appropriate for oneself are essential for humans to act properly. She speaks of
“active life” and “contemplative life.” From an epistemic perspective,
contemplative life has precedence over active life; but Arendt holds that the
active life is more dominant, with the question of “why” being more important
than “what” as a pressing existential task of human beings.