The purpose of this paper is to analyze the conditions and prospects of Russian social workers since the transformation from planned economy to market economy. For the purpose, the backgrounds and process of social workers’ appearance, the conditions of social work college education, and problems of social workers were analyzed, and developmental possibility of social workers was prospected. The results are as follows; First, the first Russian social workers were appeared in 1991 when the new capitalist social problems were prevailed and lives of weak groups were worsened since market economy. They were the social work specialists who defined themselves different from the traditional workers in social welfare institutions. Second, social welfare colleges for training professional social workers were also appeared. Some colleges in Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Saratov recognized social work as new social and human science, and opened the social work department. Third, Russian social workers have very serious problems such as unawareness of social workers as a profession by government and citizen, very low wage, and no laws on social workers’occupational status and licence. Russian and Chinese social worker have similar background and plans for the construction and development of social workers’ status in government-led expansion policy of social welfare. In Russia, the most important issue of social workers is no laws and low recognition on social workers. In order to overcome it, the public officials of social welfare department, social welfare institutions and social work professors must try to change the attitudes of government and citizens toward social workers who are necessary professions in social welfare delivery system.