Safety leadership has been reported to affect the safety behavior of employees in industrial organizations. However, little is known about the correlation between principals’ safety leadership and the teachers’ safety behavior within a school organization. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether principals’ safety leadership affects teachers’ safety behavior in elementary and secondary schools in Korea. Based on the data obtained from an online survey with responses from 910 teachers in 76 elementary and secondary schools, descriptive statistical analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis were conducted. Our findings revealed that teachers perceived the level of principals’ safety leadership and their corresponding safety behaviors to be very high. Regarding the level of safety behavior, teachers working at schools with more systematic support for safety education and experienced teachers assuming more responsibility in safety education perceived their safety behavior higher. More importantly, principals’ positive safety leadership was found to have a statistically significant, positive effect on teachers’ safety behavior. We conclude that in elementary and secondary schools, like industrial organizations, safety leadership plays a critical role in predicting teachers’ safety behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce programs that can continuously develop safety leadership ability via principals’ pre-service and in-service education. There is also a need for professional development programs that allow teachers with a wealth of experience in safety education to share their expertise with colleagues.