The purpose of this study is to prepare basic data to increase elementary school students self-esteem by analyzing the longitudinal effects of their mental health, communication, attachment style, and parent-child relationship on self-esteem. For this purpose, data from the first through third years of the Busan Educational Longitudinal Study were used, and data from 1,966 fourth-grade elementary school students in Busan were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and latent growth model analysis were performed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. The results were as follows. First, the self-esteem of elementary school students increased and decreased over time, so a nonlinear change model was adopted. Second, it was found that elementary school students mental health, communication, attachment style, and parent-child relationship had a significant effect on their self-esteem. The results of this study are expected to contribute to enhancing elementary school students self-understanding and self-value through social support from schools, families, and institutions by specifically identifying individual and home environment variables affecting their self-esteem.