For efficient and fair resolution of disputes in sporting events, it would be more desirable to apply the Alternative Dispute Resolution system such as arbitration or mediation schemes, rather than the court assessment. Japan, for instance, has established the Japan Sports Arbitration Agency(JSAA) on April 7, 2003 to deal with diverse disputes occurring in various kinds of sporting events. The JASS has addressed diverse sport disputes under the 5 basic rules, as follows:① Sports Arbitration Rules (enforced on June 1, 2003) ② Sports Arbitration Rules for Cases Based on Specific Arbitration Agreements(enforced on September 1, 2004) ③ Sports Mediation Rules for Cases Based on Specific Mediation Agreements(enforced on October 30, 2006) ④ Sports Arbitration Rules for Cases for Doping Disputes(enforced on July 1, 2007) ⑤ Arbitration Rules for Doping Disputes of the Ladies Professional Golfers Association of Japan(enforced on March 1, 2010)The JASS s business can be largely categorized into 3 areas - arbitration, mediation and sports law development. Firstly, Arbitration of sports disputes is the original procedure that the JASS has provided since its establishment. The scope of the subject matter for this arbitration is limited to the disputes where athletes request arbitration against sports governing bodies specified by the Sports Arbitration Rules with regard to their decision. Judgments of a referee during games are excluded from this arbitration. That is, the JASS has settled disputes and other affairs arising between athletes and sport organizations in relation to final athlete selection, disciplinary actions and so forth through arbitration. Arbitration proceedings for the disputes with specific arbitration agreements are prepared to settle the disputes outside the scope of the Sports Arbitration Rules and the Doping Sports Arbitration Rules. Consequentially, the JASS, under this arbitration rules, has addressed disputes between sport organizations and sponsoring enterprises, famous athletes and sponsoring enterprises, and between sporting organizations. Secondly, mediation was introduced in consideration of some cases where disputes are settled peacefully in the process of JSAA consultation with athletes. Basically all kinds of disputes are acceptable for mediation if such disputes somehow relate to sport. Thirdly, the JSAA, in addition to sport dispute settlement, has engaged in sports law development, and sports arbitration research and training. For successful sport dispute arbitration, both involved parties should reach an agreement. However, as athletes and sport organizations appealed against are usually not on an equal footing, arbitration efforts could often reach stalemate. In this sense, the JSAA has advised sport agencies subject to the sport arbitration rules to adopt a so-called presumed arbitration agreement(or automatic arbitration clause) where sport organizations promise to properly respond to an athlete s arbitration request, if any. In 2008, 44.1% of the JOC, the Japan Sports Association and the member and associate member groups thereof were found to have adopted the presumed arbitration agreement(30 agencies of the 68 in total). The proportion rose to 58.7% in April 2013(44 of the 75 organizations). The JSAA has processed 21 sets of arbitration cases and 8 mediation cases since its establishment in April 2003. Of the 21 arbitration cases from April 2003 to May 2013, 18 were related to sport disputes and 3 were about doping issues. As for the types of requested arbitration, 9 cases requested to withdraw disciplinary actions and the other 9 requested to cancel decisions on final athlete selection. Regular arbitration by 3 arbitrators was 15 cases; and urgent arbitration by 1 arbitrator was 6 cases. As to the a