전지구적 교육거버넌스로서 PISA의 출현과 국가교육에 대한 영향

손준종

서지반출

국문초록

이 연구의 목적은 경제개발협력기구(OECD)의 국제학업성취도평가(PISA)를 ‘전지구적 교 육거버넌스’로 정의하고, 이러한 교육거버넌스가 어떻게 출현하고 제도화되었으며, 국가교육 에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 분석하는 것이다. PISA는 국가교육을 단일 기준에 따라 평가 하여 그 결과를 국제적으로 비교하고, 국가 순위표로 발표하는 표준화된 교육지표이다. PISA는 미국을 비롯한 선진 자본주의 국가의 경제적 요구 때문에 출현하였다. OECD 회원 국을 포함하여 많은 비회원국들이 자발적으로 PISA에 참여함으로써 PISA는 전지구적으로 교육을 수렴시키는 역할을 하고 있다. PISA는 물리적 강제가 아니라 자발적으로 참여하도록 한다는 점에서 연성 거버넌스의 특징을 보인다. 또한 국가교육을 객관적이고 과학적으로 평 가한다는 점을 강조하기 위해 평가 결과를 수량화된 지표로 재현한다. PISA는 국가별로 교 육관련 ‘데이터’를 국가별로 수집ㆍ분석하고, 국제적으로 ‘비교’하며, 그 결과를 근거로 국가 교육의 ‘책무성’을 판단한다. 또한 PISA는 국가교육이 ‘어떠해야 한다’는 규범적 판단을 내 리고, 국가별로 효과적인 정책을 권고하는 처방 기능을 한다. 국민국가는 여전히 교육에 관 한 가장 강력한 행위자로서의 위치를 유지하고 있으나, 앞으로 OECD를 비롯한 국제기구의 국가교육에 대한 영향은 지속적으로 확대될 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 초국가적 자본에 친화 적인 국제기구의 교육적 영향력을 견제하고 조정할 초국가적 시민사회의 교육거버넌스에의 참여를 확대할 수 있는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다.

영문초록

In this paper, I analyze the emergence of PISA as global educational governance and its impacts on the State Education. OECD developed PISA to measure the quality of human capital for the neo-liberal economy in an era of globalization. Advanced capitalist countries had a strong need to develop educational assessment tools and indicators to internationally compare and identify the strengths and weaknesses of their education system. PISA is the standardized education indicator for comparative assessment of national education, and aims at assessment education’s application to real-life problems and work-related skill and knowledge. PISA as global educational governance has two major characteristics: ‘soft governance’ and ‘governance by number’. Many countries voluntarily participate in PISA and are voluntarily governed by PISA’s norms and rules. PISA results are represented using the number. International comparisons, statistical data and accountability are the effective governance mechanisms of PISA. PISA has negative effects on educational sovereignty and State educations' autonomy. Even though the state education are still controlled and governed by the nation-state, international organization like a OECD will continuously increase their influences on the state education. Also, OECD/PISA will redefine the nature and practices of the modern education system. In order to monitor transnational organization’s educational effects, the educational role of the transnational civil society should be expanded and increased.

키워드

전지구적 교육거버넌스 경제개발협력기구(OECD)국제학업성취도평가(PISA)교육정책 연성 거버넌스 수 global educational governance OECD PISA education policy soft governance number

참고문헌 (61건)

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