Legal definitions have been used to determine eligibility for special education and social welfare as people with visual impairments in South Korea. Educators in the field of blindness and visual impairment have concerned about the use of primary literacy media and optical aids related to degree of visual disability. Also, age at onset of visual impairment is likely to be a critical factor of deciding students’ primary medium for writing and reading and the necessity of optical aids. This study was implemented to investigate the use of literacy media and optical aids of students with visual impairments by degree of visual disability or age at onset of vision loss. The participants were 154 students (86 males, 68 females) who study in special schools for the blind in South Korea. The findings of this research can be summarized as follows; First, students at the first or second degree of visual disability mainly used braille as literacy medium, while students at the third, fourth or sixth degree of visual disability used print as a primary reading and writing medium. Among students at the first or second degree of visual disability, percentages of students who did not use optical aids were higher than those of students who used them. However, among students at the third, fourth or sixth degree of visual
disability, percentages of students who used optical aids were higher than those of students who did not use them. Second, all the congenitally and adventitiously visually impaired used braille as a major literacy medium. In addition, among the congenitally or adventitiously visually impaired, percentages of students who did not use optical aids were higher than those of students who used them. In summary, students identified as having blindness or visual impairments by legal definitions in South Korea used braille or print as a primary reading and writing medium. Some of students who have residual vision used optical aids such as glasses or contact lenses.