This study aims to critically examine the developmental psychological view of the child, which is the dominant discourse for understanding children and child education, and explores discussions on reconsidering these views along with perspectives on elementary-level education. This study first discusses the emergence and evolution of developmental theories, covering the historical views of children throughout history and the formation of the modern concept of the child. It then critically reviews the theoretical assumptions about children within developmental psychology. Next, the study then explores possibilities for reconsidering contemporary views of children and for developing new models of elementary education that overcome the limitations of developmentalism and its child–adult dichotomy while also acknowledging the uniqueness of childhood. However, the exploration of new approaches to elementary education is limited by merely reconstructing the child’s perspective. This study argues that contemporary elementary education is a relational practice that occurs within the context of children’s relationships with adults. Therefore, it emphasizes the necessity of further developing the exploration of elementary education based on a child’s perspective that is constructed through an educational perspective. This study proposes several considerations for exploring elementary education beyond developmentalism. First, elementary education must consider temporality beyond a linear view of development. Furthermore, recognizing that education is a practice carried out within the relationships of childhood and adulthood, empowering children must not lead to a gap in care and education, which are essential for vulnerable children. Finally, elementary education should aim to create a community of teaching and learning based on dialogue grounded in the ontological unity of the child and teacher.